Recommendations

• Sufficient radiologists are in training to ensure that the workforce is large enough to undertake the workload.
• Expanding consulting activities of radiologists with clinical specialists in multidisciplinary conferences.
• Reinforcing the status of the radiologist with special interests.
• Additional clinical experience fitting to the radiological sub-specialisation within the subspecialty training period and fellowship.
• Wide clinical experience should be obtained before entering radiology. In such circumstances further clinical experience may only be required in a chosen subspecialty and to a level dependent on previous experience.

CONCLUSION

The world of radiology is changing rapidly and radiologists have to be proactive in this process to survive. The subject is now too broad and complex for an individual to remain a comprehensive provider. As a result radiologists need to group themselves as specialists in particular systems or disease-based areas while finding a mechanism to provide a high-quality service. Radiologists must also be clinicians and understand the clinical features, natural history and treatments of the diseases that they are requested to investigate. Therefore, if radiologists want to add value to the chain of healthcare they need to sub-specialise to a greater or lesser extent according to their working circumstances. 

                                                            Mammograph


It is likely that mammography is the most important tool that doctors have not only to detect breast cancer but also to diagnose, evaluate and keep track of people who have suffered from this disease. Mammography is a radiographic photograph of the breast, and it is a safe and fairly accurate study. This technique has been used for approximately 40 years.

Screening mammograms are usually done every year to check if the breasts show early signs of the disease. Diagnostic mammograms differ from screening mammograms in that they seek more information about one or more specific areas of interest, usually due to a screening mammogram that indicates an abnormality or a suspicious lump. Diagnostic mammograms take more pictures than screening mammograms. The mammography technician and the radiologist should coordinate and take the images that your doctor needs to treat the case. It is possible that the technician must expand a suspicious area to generate a more detailed image that allows the doctor to establish a diagnosis.

PET scanning

Another recent technique is positron emission tomography, or PET scanning, which involves the emission of particles of antimatter by compounds injected into the body being scanned. These particles, positrons, are neutralized by their opposites, electrons, and energy is released in the form of radiation as matter and antimatter annihilate each other. Detectors arranged around the body pick up the energy released and use it to follow the movements of the injected compound and its metabolism.

Nuclear magnetic resonance

A still more recently developed technique is nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) scanning (also called magnetic resonance imaging, or MRI), in which radio waves are beamed into an individual who is subjected to a powerful magnetic field. Different atoms in the body absorb radio waves at different frequencies under the influence of the magnetic field. The way in which absorption takes place is measured and used by a computer to construct images of internal structures.

CAT scanning

A new form of X-ray imaging, computerized axial tomography (CAT scanning), was devised by Godfrey Hounsfield of Great Britain and Allan Cormack of the United States during the 1970s. This method measures the attenuation of X-rays entering the body from many different angles. From these measurements a computer reconstructs the organ under study in a series of cross sections or planes. The technique allows soft tissues such as the liver and kidney to be clearly differentiated in the images reconstructed by the computer. This procedure adds enormously to the diagnostic information that can be provided by conventional X rays. CAT scanners are now in use in many large hospitals and medical centres throughout the world.

Image intensifier

In the 1950s an electronic method was devised to intensify the image, the so-called image intensifier, which made possible the overcoming of the technical difficulties, and cineradiography became routine. During the whole period of the development of radiology, photographic techniques were also continually being improved. Single-coated photographic plates were used at first, and then double-coated photographic films; photographic emulsions have now been developed to such a point that high speed can be provided with good definition and little intrusion of photographic grain into the image. Similarly, processing methods have been improved; automatic processors now can deliver a fully processed dry film in 90 seconds

Content

History

x-ray During the first two decades following their discovery, X rays were used largely for the diagnosis and control of treatment of fractures and for the localization of foreign bodies, such as bullets, during World War I. The physicians using these methods introduced artificial contrast agents, such as a paste consisting of barium sulfate, which is inert and nontoxic when taken by mouth. When a contrast agent is taken by mouth or introduced by enema, the various parts of the alimentary tract can be demonstrated and examined. Refinements of this technique continue to the present day, and radiological examination of the alimentary tract is an elegant and precise aid to diagnosis. Eventually a number of other contrast media were produced that could be injected into blood vessels. The media could thus be used either to demonstrate those vessels (whether arteries or veins) or, after their selective concentration and excretion by the kidneys, to show the urinary.

Medical Radiology

SPECIALIZED UNIVERSITY OF THE America

Extension Chiriqui

Faculty of medical sciences and clinics

Medical radiology degree

Subject:

English

Teacher:

Yoisy Atencio

Members:

Lia samudio 4-805-1184

Heather De Gracia 4-807-2018

Vivian Espinoza 4-805-1703

Kimberly Caballero 4-805-1659

Yibeth Guerra 4-771-1568

Introduction

Radiology is a branch of medicine using radiation for the diagnosis and treatment of disease.  Radiology originally involved the use of X rays in the diagnosis of disease and the use of X rays, gamma rays, and other forms of ionizing radiation in the treatment of disease. In more recent years radiology has come also to embrace diagnosis by a method of organ scanning with the use of radioactive isotopes and also with non ionizing radiation, such as ultrasound waves and nuclear magnetic resonance. Similarly, the scope of radiotherapy has extended to include, in the treatment of cancer, such agents as hormones and chemotherapeutic drugs.